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Sun Ning Railway Company
The Sun Ning Railway Company (aka Sunning Railway Company and Xinning Railway Company) 新寧鐵路 (pinyin: Xinning Tielu) was a standard gauge railway in the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong Province founded in 1906 by Chin Gee Hee 陳宜禧 (pinyin: Chen Yixi) and Yu Shek 余灼 (pinyin: Yu Zhuo). It was South China's second railway〔(The History of Xinning Railway ), Bureau of Archives of Taishan City ( some of this is copied verbatim from the Hong Kong Railway Society website article by Peter Crush).〕〔Scigliano 2007.〕〔Another transliteration of 余灼 (pinyin: Yu Zhuo) is Yu Chuek (Editors' note, p. 125, Chin Gee Hee, "Letter Asking for Support to Build the Sunning Railroad" (1911), p. 125–128 in Judy Yung, Gordon H. Chang, and Him Mark Lai (compilers and editors), ''Chinese American Voices'', University of California Press (2006). ISBN 0-520-24310-2.)〕 and one of only three railways in pre-1949 China built solely with private Chinese capital.〔Don T. Nakanishi and Tina Yamano Nishida, ''The Asian American Educational Experience: A Source Book for Teachers and Students'', Routledge (1995). ISBN 0-415-90872-8. p. 55.〕〔Jue (1983) for the ideographs and Taishanese spellings.〕
==Fundraising==
In order to fund the railway, Chin raised $2.75 million, mainly from overseas Chinese; some sources〔Eric Scigliano, for example. Cheng and Yuzun (1982) seem to say that initial fundraising was entirely from China and from overseas Chinese, but some later funds were borrowed from abroad.〕 say that further investment came from James J. Hill, but others say that at a time when railway development in China was dominated by European nations,〔Cheng and Yuzun (1982) record that "by 1911, over ninety percent of Chinese railroad lines were built by Westerners or by foreign loans."〕 he "vowed not to sell shares to foreigners, to borrow money from them, or to use their engineers."〔 Chin's partner Yu Zhuo raised further funds in China and from overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. Its benefits to Guangdong's economy were cut short when it was seized by local warlords in 1926; it was finally destroyed during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938.〔〔〔(Guide to the Willard G. Jue Papers, 1880-1983 ) on the site of the University of Washington Libraries, accessed July 19, 2007.〕〔Xiao-huang Yin & Zhiyong Lan (2003), p. 9.〕
While raising funds and building the railway, Chin encountered numerous obstacles: a magistrate tried to usurp credit for organizing the company; there were many difficulties over obtaining a right of way due to clan feuds and superstitions (geomancy〔Helen F. Siu, ''Agents and Victims in South China: Accomplices in Rural Revolution'', Yale University Press (1989). ISBN 0-300-05265-0. p. 71.〕); and gentry-officials repeatedly attempted extortion. Chin bought an official title to become legally one of the gentry himself, which somewhat eased the process. Still, the construction was confronted by over a hundred riots staged by local landlord forces, resulting in thirty-nine otherwise unnecessary turns, which made construction more expensive and affected speed and safety.〔〔Cheng and Yuzun (1982)〕
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